Are you wondering what baking powder does to cakes and cookies? Find out everything you need to know about this essential ingredient in baking, like what baking powder is, how it's different from baking soda, the difference between single-acting and double-acting baking powder, how much baking powder you have to use when baking, does baking powder expire and how to check if it's still good, and even how to make homemade baking powder if you find you've run out.
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What is baking powder
Baking powder is a chemical leavening agent that combines sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and an acid (or even two acids!) in one single dry, white powder sold in grocery stores and bulk stores. Baking powder is an easy way to get your cakes to rise without having to whip egg whites like mad or without worrying about adding an acid to react with baking soda because everything you need to make a cake rise is in baking powder.
So, while when you add baking soda to a cake recipe, you'll notice that you also have to add an acidic ingredient (like vinegar, sour cream, buttermilk, etc), when you bake with baking powder, the acid is already present in the commercial powder. All you have to do is whisk (or sift) the baking powder with the rest of your dry ingredients. Easy peasy! This classic vanilla cake with milk chocolate frosting is a great example of a cake made with just baking powder.
How does baking powder work?
In order for baking powder to react and for your cakes to rise, the baking powder has to first come into contact with water. As a dry powder, baking powder is quite stable and the acid and the sodium bicarbonate don't react. It's not until the baking powder comes into contact with the liquids in your cake batters and cookie doughs that the baking powder begins to react.
Some baking powders won't react until the mixture is hydrated and heated. This is especially true of double-acting baking powders which first react at room temperature when mixed into cake batters and cookie doughs, but they react a second time when the batter or dough is placed in the oven to bake.
Actually, the ingredients in baking powder are essential for controlling when baking powder reacts. Think about it: if baking powder were to react as a dry powder in the container it's sold in, by the time you add it to your cake batters and cookie doughs, the baking powder would be spent and there wouldn't be much left behind but salts.
Ingredients in baking powder: baking powder comes as double-acting vs single-acting
While the general formula of baking powder can be summarized as baking soda plus an acid, there's actually more to baking powder than just this. Commercial baking powders also contain cornstarch to keep the baking powder from clumping and to keep it dry. This way the baking powder won't react before you use it. Furthermore, the acid in baking powder varies depending on the brand and whether or not the product is single-acting baking powder or double-acting baking powder.
What is single-acting baking powder?
Single-acting baking powders are made with only one acid, which reacts right away at room temperature when hydrated. Because single-acting baking powders are so fast-acting, they aren't sold commercially anymore.
An example of single-acting baking powder would be homemade baking powder made with cream of tartar. It reacts quickly at room temperature and over 70 % of single-acting baking powder reacts within minutes of mixing into cake batters. When you bake with a homemade baking powder, you have to work quickly so that the batter is mixed and baked immediately.
What is double-acting baking powder?
The baking powder I use is called Magic baking powder and it's produced by Kraft. Magic baking powder (like Rumford baking powder sold in the US) is made of cornstarch, monocalcium phosphate, and sodium bicarbonate. The monocalcium phosphate is the acid that reacts with sodium bicarbonate to produce the gas carbon dioxide, which makes your cakes rise.
Though it seems as though Magic baking powder would be a single-acting baking powder because it contains only one acid, Magic powder is actually double-acting because it reacts in 2 stages: a portion reacts at room temperature when your batters are first mixed (under 60 % reacts at room temperature), then the rest reacts with heat, when you place your cakes and cookies in the oven. So Magic and Rumford react at two separate stages, which is why they are labelled as double-acting.
In the US, other double-acting baking powders include Davis baking powder, Kraft Calumet baking powder, and Clabber Girl baking powder. All these double-acting baking powders contain the same ingredients as Magic and Rumford baking powders, so cornstarch, monocalcium phosphate, and sodium bicarbonate, but Davis, Calumet, and Clabber Girl also contain a second acid sodium aluminum sulfate. This second acid is slow-acting and only reacts with sodium bicarbonate when the mixture is hydrated and heated.
The baking powder at Bulk Barn is labelled as double-acting, as is Fleischmann's baking powder. Both contain sodium acid pyrophosphate, as well as sodium bicarbonate, cornstarch and monocalcium phosphate. Note that sodium acid pyrophosphate is very slow-acting, but the down side to using it is that sodium acid pyrophosphate can impart a bitter aftertaste, which is why it's usually combined with other acids and used sparingly.
How to tell if your baking powder is double-acting or not?
To know if your baking powder is single-acting or double-acting, you will have to read the ingredient label to know for sure. The baking powder ingredient list will inevitably mention cornstarch and sodium bicarbonate. The other ingredients might only be monocalcium phosphate, in which case your baking powder is double-acting. Or the label might mention both monocalcium phosphate as well as sodium aluminum sulfate, in which case, your baking powder is double-acting as well.
Many brands will tell you on the front of the package if your baking powder is double-acting, and if the label just says "baking powder", you will have to check the ingredient list.
Why double-acting baking powder is useful in baking
Bakeries may depend on double-acting baking powder in their baked goods to ensure that cake batters (or muffin batters) that are made ahead of time can be stored in the refrigerator, but will still rise when the product is baked. The second acid ensures that if your batter waits around a little, your cakes will still have enough chemical leavener leftover to rise in the oven.
What happens if you add too much baking powder to a recipe?
How much baking powder is too much when you are baking? Is there such a thing? Did you accidentally add too much baking powder to your cake recipe? Find out the rule of thumb for how much baking powder to flour to add to your cake recipe.
Baking powder is an essential leavening agent in baking, for creating lighter cakes that aren't overly dense. Baking powder opens up the crumb of a cake giving cakes a lighter mouthfeel. But just like too much baking soda is a problem (causing cakes to brown too much, giving baked goods a soapy taste, toughening cakes, etc.), too much baking powder may cause textural issues in cakes, off flavours, and doesn't make a better cake. Make sure to use the right techniques for measuring ingredients in baking, especially small quantities of leaveners. Here's why.
Too much baking powder can give baked goods a sour or even bitter taste.
The right amount of baking powder may contribute a salty-sour taste to your baked goods, but too much can verge on bitter or "chemical" tasting. Be sure to measure baking powder carefully to avoid overdoing it.
Too much baking powder can cause bigger bubbles and holes in cakes
We add baking powders to cake to improve their texture and to lighten the crumb of the cake. But too much baking powder may cause too much gas to be released in your cake batter as it bakes, leading to larger bubble formation. Too much baking powder will cause large holes in your cakes which might even bubble up on the surface of the cake as it bakes. Too much baking powder can actually cause your cakes to sink or collapse on themselves leading to shorter cakes or sunken cakes. Overleavened cakes will puff and fall, sinking down into the pan before they've done baking. There's no recovering when this happens.
How much baking powder to use in cakes and other recipes: rule of thumb
To avoid adding too much baking powder to your cakes, start with this rule of thumb: add 1 to 1+¼ teaspoon baking powder (5 to 6.25 mL) for every 1 cup (125 grams or 250 mL) of all-purpose flour. In this classic vanilla cake with milk chocolate frosting, I use 2 teaspoon baking powder for 2 cups of flour (250 g). I use the same ratio for this Earl grey cake and this sesame raspberry cake, which are all variations of the same basic vanilla cake recipe.
Of course, the amount of baking powder you need to use will vary depending on the other ingredients in the recipe, which contribute to the total volume of the cake batter, its density, its moisture content, etc, which could mean you may need more or less baking powder than what the rule suggests.
Still, this rule of thumb is a good place to start if you are debating the ratio of how much baking powder to flour to add to your cake recipe. If you are making cookies, you might add little to no baking powder, and instead add a little baking soda. And don't forget to test your baking powder to check if your baking powder is still good.
Does baking powder expire and how to check if it's still good?
Baking powder is fairly shelf-stable, but did you know that baking powder does expire and can lose potency over time, especially if it's not properly stored? Find out why baking powder expires, how to check if it expires, and whether or not you should pay attention to the expiry date listed on baking powder.
Does baking powder expire?
Unlike baking soda, baking powder is a leavening agent that does lose potency over time, especially if it's not stored properly or if you live in a humid climate. Recall that baking powder is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate, an acid (or several acids), and cornstarch. The cornstarch in baking powder is there to help keep the mixture as dry and clump free as possible.
Though baking powder is pretty stable as a dry mix of powders, there's a risk that as you open and shut the container, baking powder will come into contact with tiny amounts of humidity. And when baking powder is hydrated, it will begin to react. Even a tiny amount of water in a container of baking powder will reduce its potency. Over time, the powder won't be worth much as a chemical leavener if the components have already reacted in the jar.
For these reasons, you should check your baking powder periodically and test your baking powder to make sure it's still good.
Expiry dates on baking powder packaging
If you read carefully label of your container of baking powder, somewhere on the packaging, you will notice an expiry date. But that doesn't mean that your baking powder, pre-expiry date, must still be good. If the container has been opened, you should check to make sure your baking powder is still good, regardless of what the date on the package says. And this goes for baking powders that are expired according to the expiry date on the package. The only way to know for sure is to test the baking powder before baking with it.
How to test baking powder to make sure it's still good
To test baking powder is still active, combine 1 teaspoon of baking powder with ⅓ cup of hot water. If the mixture fizzes, your baking powder is still reactive. Make sure that the water is HOT, not lukewarm or cold, since the acid in baking powders requires some heat to react fully.
Some may suggest even using boiling water and if you see nothing with hot water, I'd repeat the test once more but with boiling water. At that point, if you don't see any fizzing or bubbling, your baking powder is expired and you should replace it with a fresh container.
A positive result or a non-expired baking powder doesn't indicate potency
Unfortunately, though you can check to make sure your baking powder is still active, reactive, and not expired, we don't have an easy way at home to measure how potent the baking powder is. The fact is you can check to make sure baking powder is still reactive, but the test is QUALITATIVE, no QUANTITATIVE. We don't know how potent the baking powder is with the test above.
If your container of baking powder is expired according to the date on the label, or if it's been open for more than a year, you are better off replacing it with a new container.
If you didn't close the container properly to store your baking powder, you should replace it too. The potency of your baking powder is important so that you know how much baking powder to flour to add, so that you know you've added enough, not too much baking powder, and not too little.
Can you make baking powder?
You can't make baking soda at home, but you can make homemade baking powder! In a pinch, use this recipe for homemade baking powder if you find you've run out and don't have time to go to the store.
How to make baking powder at home?
Baking soda and baking powder are essential leavening agents that you should have on hand if you plan on baking. While you can't make baking soda at home, you can make baking powder from ingredients you have in your pantry. Remember that baking powder is baking soda plus an acid. And while commercial baking powders contain the acids monocalcium phosphate, sodium aluminum sulfate, and/or sodium acid pyrophosphate, you probably don't have any of these acid salts in your pantry.
The main dry acid that you most likely have at home if you bake and that you could use to make baking power is cream of tartar (i.e. tartaric acid, which is also known as potassium bitartrate). Cream of tartar is a white powder that you probably have used when making meringues for an italian meringue buttercream, or in egg-white based desserts like these chocolate pavlovas. And combined with baking soda and a little cornstarch, you have yourself some homemade baking powder. Here's the recipe.
Homemade baking powder recipe
To make a big batch of baking powder at home, whisk together 30 grams baking soda, 70 grams cream of tartar, and 15 grams of cornstarch. Note that you could skip the cornstarch if you are going to use the baking powder right away, but since you are making a big batch of homemade baking powder, you will be storing, so it must stay dry!
This recipe makes about 45 teaspoons of baking powder so you will want to store it in a glass jar with a tight-fitting lid that has a good seal. And don't forget to label the jar and the lid so you don't forget what is in it! One more thing about homemade baking powder: you probably won't save much money making baking powder at home because cream of tartar tends to be quite expensive.
📖 Recipe
Homemade baking powder
Ingredients
- 30 grams baking soda
- 70 grams cream of tartar
- 15 grams cornstarch
Instructions
- Whisk the ingredients in a bowl.
- Transfer the homemade baking powder to a Mason jar and store with a tight-fitting lid.
Notes
- the above homemade baking powder recipe comes from Paula Figoni's How Baking Works (available for purchase from Amazon) and I have done the math to make sure that the amount of cream of tartar and baking soda will balance out correctly.
- Shirley Corriher in the book Bakewise recommends a different ratio, specifically: 14 grams baking soda + 18 grams cream of tartar + 15 grams cornstarch. Her book is also available on Amazon. Chemistry-wise, I don't think this ratio adds up. I wouldn't follow Corriher's recipe for baking powder.
- Alton Brown suggests a ratio for homemade baking powder in his book on baking called "I'm just here for more food" but he doesn't mention if the ratio is by weight or by volume (so use with caution). After more research, I found the same recipe in the textbook "On Baking" which mentions the recipe is by volume: 2 parts cream of tartar, 1 part baking soda, 1 part cornstarch. Alton Brown's baking book can be purchased from Amazon and the textbook On Baking is also from Amazon. To me, this ratio is also flawed. I would still stick with the recipe from Figoni's How Baking Works.
Nutrition
How to store baking powder?
Given how fast-acting homemade baking powder is and given that baking powder will lose potency if exposed to moisture, it's important to store it in a cool, dry place, in an closed container that has a good seal to make sure moisture doesn't get in. Commercial baking powder is slower to react than homemade baking powder and so the baking powder you buy at the store is more stable and will stay potent for longer than homemade baking powder.
While it's good to know how to make baking powder at home if you run out of it at the last minute, I wouldn't depend on this recipe long term. You can check to make sure your baking powder is still good, but these tests aren't a measure of potency, so take the results with a grain of salt.
References
- How Baking Works, 3rd edition. Paula Figoni. Buy it on Amazon
- Bakewise. Shirley Corriher available on Amazon
- On Baking: a textbook of baking & pastry fundamentals. Third edition update. Sarah R. Labensky, Priscilla A. Martel, Eddy Van Damme. Available on Amazon.
- I'm Just Here for More Food. Alton Brown's baking book can be purchased from Amazon
Melissa Todd says
Curious if you use cake flour for your recipes or all-purpose flour? And does that change the general ratio of baking powder used?
Janice says
Hi Melissa, I usually bake with all-purpose. The majority of my recipes are with all-purpose except for a few of the cakes. I think the different flour, whether all-purpose or cake, would have more of an impact on the amount of liquids needed, less on the leavening. Cake flour has a higher starch content and a lower protein content, so it's better at absorbing liquids and can handle more wet ingredients than all-purpose can, which is why cake flour is great in cakes. Hope that helps!
Sona says
Dear Janice ,
Your complete guide to Baking powder was very informative . Could you please suggest the amount of baking powder ( double action ) and baking soda I should use for the following chocolate cake .
3/4 tap kosher salt
50 gram cocoa powder
360 gram AP flour
1 tbsp vanilla
180 ml oil
355 ml boiling coffee
3 large eggs
240 ml buttermilk
115 gram yogurt
400 gram granulated sugar.
Also wanted to know whether I
Could substitute yogurt for buttermilk .
Thank you
Janice says
Hi Sona, It's hard for me to judge as I haven't baked your recipe, but comparing to my eggless chocolate cake, I'd say you would probably want about 2.5 tsp of baking soda.
If we compare to the classic Hershey's chocolate cake recipe made with boiling water, you could probably add both baking powder and baking soda, and try using 2.5 teaspoons of each. I can't guarantee how the cake will turn out but I'd probably try either just baking soda or a combination of both, equal parts.
For the buttermilk, yes, yogurt is a substitute for buttermilk. Use plain yogurt (not Greek yogurt) because Greek yogurt may be too dry for your recipe (check out my post on baking substitutions). Again, you'd have to do some tests to see what happens! Hope that helps!
Rosanne says
Thank you for this interesting and informative article. I have often wondered what makes my aluminum free double acting powder “double acting” when it contained just the one acid. Now I know!
I was searching for info as I’m currently visiting family in Eastern Europe and ingredients just aren’t the same here. As an American, it occurs to me the biggest difference in European style cakes and American is the use of double acting baking powders for leavening. Now that I have some science - since baking is really all about the science! - info, I’ll be better able to communicate my needs and hopefully find some powder or adequate substitute. For example, I couldn’t find kitchen twine this trip to tie up a roast so my dental floss worked in a pinch!
Sally says
If i substitute yogurt for half of the oil in my muffin recipes, should i adjust the baking soda and or baking powder to keep muffins fluffy and not overly dense?
Janice says
Hi Sally, while I would not suggest replacing oil (a fat) with yogurt, such a substitution would require you to add baking soda to help achieve a good rise. Ideally, you would use a combination of baking powder and baking soda. The baking soda would help neutralize the acidity of the yogurt so that the baking powder can do its job. Hope that helps.